听说 抑郁障碍 的临床表现 会考英文大题，并用英文答，所以找了些资料，整理了下，希
望大家多指教。
关键词 --〉 专为考试
抑郁障碍 major depressive disorder
抑郁心境 Depressed mood
缺乏愉快体验 diminished interest or pleasure
食欲改变 decrease or increase in appetite
睡眠障碍 Dyssomnia (sleeping disorder): Insomnia or hypersomnia
精力丧失、精神和躯体活动的变化 Psychomotor retardation or agitation（激越）；Fa
tigue or loss of energy
无价值感和过度的罪恶感 Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate g
uilt
犹豫不决或注意减退 Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
自杀观念与自杀 thoughts of death or suiside
原版摘要 --〉 如果想答的更完整，看看吧，挺好的
Diagnosis of Depression
Diagnostic Criteria
A. At least one of the following three abnormal moods which significantly interf
ered with the person's life:
1. Abnormal depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 wee
ks.
2. Abnormal loss of all interest and pleasure most of the day, nearly every day,
for at least 2 weeks.
3. If 18 or younger, abnormal irritable mood most of the day, nearly every day,
for at least 2 weeks.
B. At least five of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2 w
eek depressed period.
1. Abnormal depressed mood (or irritable mood if a child or adolescent) .
2. Abnormal loss of all interest and pleasure .
3. Appetite or weight disturbance, either:
(1)Abnormal weight loss (when not dieting) or decrease in appetite.
(2)Abnormal weight gain or increase in appetite.
4. Sleep disturbance, either abnormal insomnia or abnormal hypersomnia.
5. Activity disturbance, either abnormal agitation or abnormal slowing (observab
le by others).
6. Abnormal fatigue or loss of energy.
7. Abnormal self-reproach or inappropriate guilt.
8. Abnormal poor concentration or indecisiveness.
9. Abnormal morbid thoughts of death (not just fear of dying) or suicide.
C. The symptoms are not due to a mood-incongruent psychosis.
D. There has never been a Manic Episode, a Mixed Episode, or a Hypomanic Episode
.
E. The symptoms are not due to physical illness, alcohol, medication, or street
drugs.
F. The symptoms are not due to normal bereavement.
ABSTRACT
Depression is the common cold of mental disorders -- most people will be affecte
d by depression in their lives either directly or indirectly, through a friend o
r family member. Confusion is commonplace about depression, for example, about w
hat depression exactly is and what makes it different from just feeling down. Th
ere is also confusion surrounding the many types of depression (e.g., unipolar d
epression, biological depression, manic depression, seasonal affective disorder,
dysthymia, etc.) that people may experience. There have been so many terms used
to describe this set of feelings we've all felt at one time or another in our l
ives, to one degree or another, that it is time to set the record straight.
Depression is characterized by a number of common symptoms. These include a pers
istent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood, and feelings of hopelessness or pessimism.
A person who is depressed also often has feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and
helplessness. They no longer take interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
that were once enjoyed; this may include things like going out with friends or
even sex. Insomnia, early-morning awakening, and oversleeping are all common.
Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating and weight gain may be symptoms of dep
ression in some people. Many others experience decreased energy, fatigue, and a
constant feeling of being "slowed down." Thoughts of death or suicide are not un
common in those suffering from severe depression. Restlessness and irritability
among those who have depression is common. A person who is depressed also has di
fficulty concentrating, remembering, and trouble making decisions. And sometimes
, persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to traditional treatments --
such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain -- may be signs of a de
pressive illness.
Feeling down or feeling like you've got the blues is pretty common in today's fa
st-paced society. People are more stressed than ever, working longer hours than
ever, for less pay than ever. It is therefore natural to not feel 100% some days
. That's completely normal.
What differentiates occasionally feeling down for a few days from depression is
the severity of the symptoms listed above, and how long you've had the symptoms.
Typically, for most depressive disorders, you need to have felt some of those s
ymptoms for longer than two weeks. They also need to cause you a fair amount of
distress in your life, and interfere with your ability to carry on your normal d
aily routine.
Depression is a severe disorder, and one that can often go undetected in some pe
ople's lives because it can creep up on you. Depression doesn't need to strike a
ll at once; it can be a gradual and nearly unnoticeable withdrawal from your act
ive life and enjoyment of living. Or it can be caused by a clear event, such as
the breakup of a long-term relationship, a divorce, family problems, etc. Findin
g and understanding the causes of depression isn't nearly as important as gettin
g appropriate and effective treatment for it.
Grief after the death or loss of a loved one is common and not considered depres
sion in the usual sense. Teenagers going through the usual mood swings common to
that age usually don't experience clinical depression either. Depression usuall
y strikes adults, and twice as many women as men. It is theorized that men expre
ss their depressive feelings in more external ways that often don't get diagnose
d as depression. For example, men may spend more time or energy focused on an ac
tivity to the exclusion of all other activities, or may have difficult controlli
ng outbursts of rage or anger. These types of reactions can be symptoms of depre
ssion.
Clinical Findings:
A person who suffers from a major depressive disorder (sometimes also referred t
o as clinical depression or major depression) must either have a depressed mood
or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities consistently for at least
a 2 week period. This mood must represent a change from the person's normal mood
. Social, occupational, educational or other important functioning must also be
negatively impaired by the change in mood. For instance, a person who has missed
work or school because of their depression, or has stopped attending classes al
together or attending usual social engagements.
Clinical depression is characterized by the presence of the majority of these sy
mptoms:
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subj
ective report (e.g., feeling sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g.,
appears tearful). (In children and adolescents, this may be characterized as an
irritable mood.)
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities mo
st of the day, nearly every day
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of mo
re than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearl
y every day.
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; Fatigue or loss of ene
rgy nearly every day
6. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every da
y
7. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every d
ay
8. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal idea
tion without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for commit
ting suicide
In addition, for a diagnosis of major depression to be made, the symptoms must n
ot be better accounted for by Bereavement, i.e., after the loss of a loved one,
the symptoms persist for longer than 2 months or are characterized by marked fun
ctional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal ideation,
psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation.
参考网页
http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis1/p21-md01.html
1.http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx22.htm
http://www.allaboutdepression.com/dia_03.html
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抑郁障碍 的临床表现[英文]
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